Decomposition of green foliage in eastern hemlock forests of southern New England impacted by hemlock woolly adelgid infestations
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چکیده
This study examined the impacts of hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae Annand) (HWA), a small, invasive insect, on foliar chemistry, forest floor microclimate, and subsequent green foliage decomposition in eastern hemlock (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière) forests. We investigated the direct effects of HWA feeding and indirect changes in microclimate on foliar decomposition by incubating HWA-infested and uninfested foliage across eight eastern hemlock dominated stands in southern New England that had different histories of HWA infestation. Infested stands had much poorer average crown health (3.4 versus 1.4 crown loss ratings), higher percent open sky (10.9 ± 2.4 vs. 5.3 ± 0.5 gap light index), and lower organic soil moisture (0.83 ± 0.02 g·g–1 vs. 1.06 ± 0.05 g·g–1) than uninfested stands. There were no significant differences in percent C, percent N, or percent lignin for the excised foliage at the start of the study. However, after 120 days, decomposing foliage from infested trees had significantly higher N concentrations (1.83% ± 0.05% vs. 1.69% ± 0.02 %) and lower C/N ratios (29.9 ± 0.8 vs. 31.6 ± 0.2) than uninfested foliage, suggesting that HWA herbivory resulted in alterations of litter chemistry as decomposition progressed. Mass loss of common uninfested foliage was lower in uninfested hemlock stands than in infested ones (30.9% ± 0.7% vs. 34.2% ± 0.1%). These rates of mass loss were significantly correlated with microclimate factors and indicate that organic soil moisture levels are controlling decomposition in HWA-infested forests. Infestation by HWA causes virtually no direct feeding damage to foliage, but it does lead to several indirect and significant ecological and functional changes over the 10to 20-year course of infestation and stand decline. Résumé : Cette étude examine les impacts du puceron lanigère de la pruche (Adelges tsugae Ann.), un petit insecte invasif, sur les propriétés chimiques du feuillage, le microclimat dans la couverture morte et la décomposition subséquente du feuillage vert dans les forêts de pruche du Canada (Tsuga canadensis (L.) Carrière). Nous avons étudié les effets directs du puceron lanigère de la pruche et les changements indirects du microclimat sur la décomposition du feuillage en incubant du feuillage sain et du feuillage infesté par le puceron lanigère de la pruche dans huit peuplements dominés par la pruche du Canada dans le sud de la Nouvelle-Angleterre qui avaient différents historiques d’infestation par le puceron lanigère de la pruche. Les peuplements infestés étaient caractérisés par un état de santé des cimes beaucoup plus détérioré (3,4 vs. 1,4 d’indice de perte de cime), un pourcentage plus élevé d’ouverture du couvert (10,9 ± 2,4 vs. 5,3 ± 0,5 de coefficient de trouées lumineuses) et une humidité du sol organique plus faible (0,83 ± 0,02 vs. 1,06 ± 0,05 g·g–1) que les peuplements sains. Il n’y avait pas de différence significative dans le pourcentage de C, N ou de lignine du feuillage excisé au début de l’étude mais, après 120 jours, le feuillage en décomposition des arbres infestés avait des concentrations significativement plus élevées de N (1,83 ± 0,05 vs. 1,69 ± 0,02 %) et un rapport C/N plus faible (29,9 ± 0,8 vs. 31,6 ± 0,2) que le feuillage sains, ce qui indique que l’herbivorisme du puceron lanigère de la pruche entraîne des modifications des propriétés chimiques de la litière à mesure que la décomposition progresse. La perte de masse du feuillage sain commun était plus faible dans les peuplements de pruche sains que dans les peuplements infestés (30,9 ± 0,7 vs. 34,2 ± 0,1 %). Ces taux de perte de masse étaient significativement corrélés avec les facteurs du microclimat et indiquent que le niveau d’humidité du sol organique contrôle la décomposition dans les forêts infestées par le puceron lanigère de la pruche. Le puceron lanigère de la pruche ne cause pratiquement aucun dommage direct au feuillage en s’alimentant mais entraînent plusieurs changements écologiques et fonctionnels indirects et significatifs pendant la période d’infestation et de dépérissement du peuplement qui dure de
منابع مشابه
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تاریخ انتشار 2006